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wild type wt strain m catarrhalis atcc 25238  (ATCC)


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    ATCC wild type wt strain m catarrhalis atcc 25238
    Critical role of CDC42 in the Rho GTPase signaling pathway during M. catarrhalis invasion into A549 cells. (A) Comparison of invasion counts of M. catarrhalis strains 73-OR and <t>ATCC</t> <t>25238</t> into WT A549 cells vs. CDC42 -/- A549 cells. Data are presented as mean ± standard error (SE) from three independent biological replicates (n=3). Statistical significance was determined using an unpaired Student’s t-test. To accurately assess the magnitude of the impact given the limited sample size, effect sizes (Cohen’s d) and mean differences are reported alongside P-values. (B) Transmission electron micrographs (TEM) of 73-OR and ATCC 25238 invading WT A549 cells and CDC42 -/- A549 cells. (C) TEM quantification of M. catarrhalis invasion into wild-type and CDC42 -/- A549 cells. Invasion counts for M. catarrhalis strains 73-OR and ATCC 25238 were quantified by counting the number of bacteria internalized within wild-type (WT) and CDC42 -/- A549 cells via Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM). Data represent the mean ± standard error(SE) from three independent biological replicates (n =3). Within each biological replicate, three random microscopic fields at the same magnification were selected and counted. Statistical significance between groups was determined using the non-parametric Mann-Whitney U test. Both 73-OR and ATCC 25238 strains showed a significant reduction in invasion into CDC42 -/- A549 cells compared to WT cells. (D) Quantitative comparison of F-actin/G-actin ratios in WT A549 cells and CDC42 -/- A549 cells post-infection with M. catarrhalis strains 73-OR and ATCC 25238. Data are presented as the mean ± standard error(SE) from three independent biological replicates (n=3). Statistical comparison between groups was performed using an unpaired Student’s t-test. (E) Immunofluorescence analysis of F-actin polymerization in A549 cells post-infection. Wild-type (WT) and CDC42 -/- A549 cells were challenged with M. catarrhalis strains 73-OR and ATCC 25238, fixed, and stained. Blue: nuclei; Green: F-actin. (F) Analysis of microfilament expression levels in WT A549 cells vs. CDC42 -/- A549 cells following infection with 73-OR and ATCC 25238. Data are presented as the mean ± standard error(SE) from three independent biological replicates (n=3). Statistical comparison between groups was performed using an unpaired Student’s t-test.
    Wild Type Wt Strain M Catarrhalis Atcc 25238, supplied by ATCC, used in various techniques. Bioz Stars score: 96/100, based on 11 PubMed citations. ZERO BIAS - scores, article reviews, protocol conditions and more
    https://www.bioz.com/result/wild type wt strain m catarrhalis atcc 25238/product/ATCC
    Average 96 stars, based on 11 article reviews
    wild type wt strain m catarrhalis atcc 25238 - by Bioz Stars, 2026-03
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    1) Product Images from "The Rho GTPase signaling pathway modulates Moraxella catarrhalis invasion into human respiratory epithelial cells by regulating actin polymerization"

    Article Title: The Rho GTPase signaling pathway modulates Moraxella catarrhalis invasion into human respiratory epithelial cells by regulating actin polymerization

    Journal: Frontiers in Immunology

    doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2026.1730864

    Critical role of CDC42 in the Rho GTPase signaling pathway during M. catarrhalis invasion into A549 cells. (A) Comparison of invasion counts of M. catarrhalis strains 73-OR and ATCC 25238 into WT A549 cells vs. CDC42 -/- A549 cells. Data are presented as mean ± standard error (SE) from three independent biological replicates (n=3). Statistical significance was determined using an unpaired Student’s t-test. To accurately assess the magnitude of the impact given the limited sample size, effect sizes (Cohen’s d) and mean differences are reported alongside P-values. (B) Transmission electron micrographs (TEM) of 73-OR and ATCC 25238 invading WT A549 cells and CDC42 -/- A549 cells. (C) TEM quantification of M. catarrhalis invasion into wild-type and CDC42 -/- A549 cells. Invasion counts for M. catarrhalis strains 73-OR and ATCC 25238 were quantified by counting the number of bacteria internalized within wild-type (WT) and CDC42 -/- A549 cells via Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM). Data represent the mean ± standard error(SE) from three independent biological replicates (n =3). Within each biological replicate, three random microscopic fields at the same magnification were selected and counted. Statistical significance between groups was determined using the non-parametric Mann-Whitney U test. Both 73-OR and ATCC 25238 strains showed a significant reduction in invasion into CDC42 -/- A549 cells compared to WT cells. (D) Quantitative comparison of F-actin/G-actin ratios in WT A549 cells and CDC42 -/- A549 cells post-infection with M. catarrhalis strains 73-OR and ATCC 25238. Data are presented as the mean ± standard error(SE) from three independent biological replicates (n=3). Statistical comparison between groups was performed using an unpaired Student’s t-test. (E) Immunofluorescence analysis of F-actin polymerization in A549 cells post-infection. Wild-type (WT) and CDC42 -/- A549 cells were challenged with M. catarrhalis strains 73-OR and ATCC 25238, fixed, and stained. Blue: nuclei; Green: F-actin. (F) Analysis of microfilament expression levels in WT A549 cells vs. CDC42 -/- A549 cells following infection with 73-OR and ATCC 25238. Data are presented as the mean ± standard error(SE) from three independent biological replicates (n=3). Statistical comparison between groups was performed using an unpaired Student’s t-test.
    Figure Legend Snippet: Critical role of CDC42 in the Rho GTPase signaling pathway during M. catarrhalis invasion into A549 cells. (A) Comparison of invasion counts of M. catarrhalis strains 73-OR and ATCC 25238 into WT A549 cells vs. CDC42 -/- A549 cells. Data are presented as mean ± standard error (SE) from three independent biological replicates (n=3). Statistical significance was determined using an unpaired Student’s t-test. To accurately assess the magnitude of the impact given the limited sample size, effect sizes (Cohen’s d) and mean differences are reported alongside P-values. (B) Transmission electron micrographs (TEM) of 73-OR and ATCC 25238 invading WT A549 cells and CDC42 -/- A549 cells. (C) TEM quantification of M. catarrhalis invasion into wild-type and CDC42 -/- A549 cells. Invasion counts for M. catarrhalis strains 73-OR and ATCC 25238 were quantified by counting the number of bacteria internalized within wild-type (WT) and CDC42 -/- A549 cells via Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM). Data represent the mean ± standard error(SE) from three independent biological replicates (n =3). Within each biological replicate, three random microscopic fields at the same magnification were selected and counted. Statistical significance between groups was determined using the non-parametric Mann-Whitney U test. Both 73-OR and ATCC 25238 strains showed a significant reduction in invasion into CDC42 -/- A549 cells compared to WT cells. (D) Quantitative comparison of F-actin/G-actin ratios in WT A549 cells and CDC42 -/- A549 cells post-infection with M. catarrhalis strains 73-OR and ATCC 25238. Data are presented as the mean ± standard error(SE) from three independent biological replicates (n=3). Statistical comparison between groups was performed using an unpaired Student’s t-test. (E) Immunofluorescence analysis of F-actin polymerization in A549 cells post-infection. Wild-type (WT) and CDC42 -/- A549 cells were challenged with M. catarrhalis strains 73-OR and ATCC 25238, fixed, and stained. Blue: nuclei; Green: F-actin. (F) Analysis of microfilament expression levels in WT A549 cells vs. CDC42 -/- A549 cells following infection with 73-OR and ATCC 25238. Data are presented as the mean ± standard error(SE) from three independent biological replicates (n=3). Statistical comparison between groups was performed using an unpaired Student’s t-test.

    Techniques Used: Comparison, Transmission Assay, Bacteria, Electron Microscopy, MANN-WHITNEY, Infection, Immunofluorescence, Staining, Expressing

    Critical role of Rac1 in the Rho GTPase signaling pathway during M. catarrhalis invasion into A549 cells. (A) Comparison of invasion counts of M. catarrhalis strains 73-OR and ATCC 25238 into WT A549 cells vs. Rac1 -/- A549 cells. Data are presented as mean ± standard error (SE)from three independent biological replicates (n=3). Statistical significance was determined using an unpaired Student’s t-test. To accurately assess the magnitude of the impact given the limited sample size, effect sizes (Cohen’s d) and mean differences are reported alongside P-values. (B) Transmission electron micrographs (TEM) of 73-OR and ATCC 25238 invading WT A549 cells and Rac1 -/- A549 cells. (C) TEM quantification of M. catarrhalis invasion into wild-type and Rac1 -/- A549 cells. Invasion counts for M. catarrhalis strains 73-OR and ATCC 25238 were quantified by counting the number of bacteria internalized within wild-type (WT) and Rac1 -/- A549 cells via Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM). Data represent the mean ± standard error(SE) from three independent biological replicates (n=3). Within each biological replicate, three random microscopic fields at the same magnification were selected and counted. Statistical significance between groups was determined using the non-parametric Mann-Whitney U test. Both 73-OR and ATCC 25238 strains showed a significant reduction in invasion into Rac1 -/- A549 compared to WT cells. (D) Quantitative comparison of F-actin/G-actin ratios in WT A549 cells and Rac1 -/- A549 cells post-infection with M. catarrhalis strains 73-OR and ATCC 25238. Data are presented as the mean± standard error(SE) from three independent biological replicates (n=3). Statistical comparison between groups was performed using an unpaired Student’s t-test. (E) Immunofluorescence analysis of F-actin polymerization in A549 cells post-infection.Wild-type (WT) and Rac1 -/- A549 cells were challenged with M. catarrhalis strains 73-OR and ATCC 25238, fixed, and stained. Blue: nuclei; Green: F-actin. (F) Analysis of microfilament expression levels in WT A549 cells vs. Rac1 -/- A549 cells following infection with 73-OR and ATCC 25238. Data are presented as the mean ± standard error(SE) from three independent biological replicates (n=3). Statistical comparison between groups was performed using an unpaired Student’s t-test.
    Figure Legend Snippet: Critical role of Rac1 in the Rho GTPase signaling pathway during M. catarrhalis invasion into A549 cells. (A) Comparison of invasion counts of M. catarrhalis strains 73-OR and ATCC 25238 into WT A549 cells vs. Rac1 -/- A549 cells. Data are presented as mean ± standard error (SE)from three independent biological replicates (n=3). Statistical significance was determined using an unpaired Student’s t-test. To accurately assess the magnitude of the impact given the limited sample size, effect sizes (Cohen’s d) and mean differences are reported alongside P-values. (B) Transmission electron micrographs (TEM) of 73-OR and ATCC 25238 invading WT A549 cells and Rac1 -/- A549 cells. (C) TEM quantification of M. catarrhalis invasion into wild-type and Rac1 -/- A549 cells. Invasion counts for M. catarrhalis strains 73-OR and ATCC 25238 were quantified by counting the number of bacteria internalized within wild-type (WT) and Rac1 -/- A549 cells via Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM). Data represent the mean ± standard error(SE) from three independent biological replicates (n=3). Within each biological replicate, three random microscopic fields at the same magnification were selected and counted. Statistical significance between groups was determined using the non-parametric Mann-Whitney U test. Both 73-OR and ATCC 25238 strains showed a significant reduction in invasion into Rac1 -/- A549 compared to WT cells. (D) Quantitative comparison of F-actin/G-actin ratios in WT A549 cells and Rac1 -/- A549 cells post-infection with M. catarrhalis strains 73-OR and ATCC 25238. Data are presented as the mean± standard error(SE) from three independent biological replicates (n=3). Statistical comparison between groups was performed using an unpaired Student’s t-test. (E) Immunofluorescence analysis of F-actin polymerization in A549 cells post-infection.Wild-type (WT) and Rac1 -/- A549 cells were challenged with M. catarrhalis strains 73-OR and ATCC 25238, fixed, and stained. Blue: nuclei; Green: F-actin. (F) Analysis of microfilament expression levels in WT A549 cells vs. Rac1 -/- A549 cells following infection with 73-OR and ATCC 25238. Data are presented as the mean ± standard error(SE) from three independent biological replicates (n=3). Statistical comparison between groups was performed using an unpaired Student’s t-test.

    Techniques Used: Comparison, Transmission Assay, Bacteria, Electron Microscopy, MANN-WHITNEY, Infection, Immunofluorescence, Staining, Expressing

    Critical role of ArpC2 in the Rho GTPase signaling pathway during M. catarrhalis invasion into A549 cells. (A) Comparison of invasion counts of M. catarrhalis strains 73-OR and ATCC 25238 into WT A549 cells vs. ArpC2 -/- A549 cells. Data are presented as mean ± standard error (SE)from three independent biological replicates (n=3). Statistical significance was determined using an unpaired Student’s t-test. To accurately assess the magnitude of the impact given the limited sample size, effect sizes (Cohen’s d) and mean differences are reported alongside P-values. (B) Transmission electron micrographs (TEM) of 73-OR and ATCC 25238 invading WT A549 cells and ArpC2 -/- A549 cells. (C) TEM quantification of M. catarrhalis invasion into wild-type and ArpC2 -/- A549 cells. Invasion counts for M. catarrhalis strains 73-OR and ATCC 25238 were quantified by counting the number of bacteria internalized within wild-type (WT) and ArpC2 -/- A549 cells via Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM). Data represent the mean ± standard error(SE) from three independent biological replicates (n =3). Within each biological replicate, three random microscopic fields at the same magnification were selected and counted. Statistical significance between groups was determined using the non-parametric Mann-Whitney U test. (D) Quantitative comparison of F-actin/G-actin ratios in WT A549 cells and ArpC2 -/- A549 cells post-infection with M. catarrhalis strains 73-OR and ATCC 25238. Data are presented as the mean ± standard error(SE) from three independent biological replicates (n=3). Statistical comparison between groups was performed using an unpaired Student’s t-test. (E) Immunofluorescence analysis of F-actin polymerization in A549 cells post-infection. Wild-type (WT) and ArpC2 -/- A549 cells were challenged with M. catarrhalis strains 73-OR and ATCC 25238, fixed, and stained. Blue: nuclei; Green: F-actin. (F) Analysis of microfilament expression levels in WT A549 cells vs ArpC2 -/- A549 cells following infection with 73-OR and ATCC 25238. Data are presented as the mean ± standard error(SE) from three independent biological replicates (n=3). Statistical comparison between groups was performed using an unpaired Student’s t-test.
    Figure Legend Snippet: Critical role of ArpC2 in the Rho GTPase signaling pathway during M. catarrhalis invasion into A549 cells. (A) Comparison of invasion counts of M. catarrhalis strains 73-OR and ATCC 25238 into WT A549 cells vs. ArpC2 -/- A549 cells. Data are presented as mean ± standard error (SE)from three independent biological replicates (n=3). Statistical significance was determined using an unpaired Student’s t-test. To accurately assess the magnitude of the impact given the limited sample size, effect sizes (Cohen’s d) and mean differences are reported alongside P-values. (B) Transmission electron micrographs (TEM) of 73-OR and ATCC 25238 invading WT A549 cells and ArpC2 -/- A549 cells. (C) TEM quantification of M. catarrhalis invasion into wild-type and ArpC2 -/- A549 cells. Invasion counts for M. catarrhalis strains 73-OR and ATCC 25238 were quantified by counting the number of bacteria internalized within wild-type (WT) and ArpC2 -/- A549 cells via Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM). Data represent the mean ± standard error(SE) from three independent biological replicates (n =3). Within each biological replicate, three random microscopic fields at the same magnification were selected and counted. Statistical significance between groups was determined using the non-parametric Mann-Whitney U test. (D) Quantitative comparison of F-actin/G-actin ratios in WT A549 cells and ArpC2 -/- A549 cells post-infection with M. catarrhalis strains 73-OR and ATCC 25238. Data are presented as the mean ± standard error(SE) from three independent biological replicates (n=3). Statistical comparison between groups was performed using an unpaired Student’s t-test. (E) Immunofluorescence analysis of F-actin polymerization in A549 cells post-infection. Wild-type (WT) and ArpC2 -/- A549 cells were challenged with M. catarrhalis strains 73-OR and ATCC 25238, fixed, and stained. Blue: nuclei; Green: F-actin. (F) Analysis of microfilament expression levels in WT A549 cells vs ArpC2 -/- A549 cells following infection with 73-OR and ATCC 25238. Data are presented as the mean ± standard error(SE) from three independent biological replicates (n=3). Statistical comparison between groups was performed using an unpaired Student’s t-test.

    Techniques Used: Comparison, Transmission Assay, Bacteria, Electron Microscopy, MANN-WHITNEY, Infection, Immunofluorescence, Staining, Expressing

    Critical role of ArpC4 in the Rho GTPase signaling pathway during M. catarrhalis invasion into A549 cells. (A) Comparison of invasion counts of M. catarrhalis strains 73-OR and ATCC 25238 into WT A549 cells vs. ArpC4 -/- A549 cells. Data are presented as mean ± standard error (SE)from three independent biological replicates (n=3). Statistical significance was determined using an unpaired Student’s t-test. To accurately assess the magnitude of the impact given the limited sample size, effect sizes (Cohen’s d) and mean differences are reported alongside P-values. (B) Transmission electron micrographs (TEM) of 73-OR and ATCC 25238 invading WT A549 cells and ArpC4 -/- A549 cells. (C) TEM quantification of M. catarrhalis invasion into wild-type and ArpC4 -/- A549 cells. Invasion counts for M.catarrhalis strains 73-OR and ATCC 25238 were quantified by counting the number of bacteria internalized within wild-type (WT) and ArpC4 -/- A549 cells via Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM). Data represent the mean ± standard error(SE) from three independent biological replicates (n=3). Within each biological replicate, three random microscopic fields at the same magnification were selected and counted. Statistical significance between groups was determined using the non-parametric Mann-Whitney U test. (D) Quantitative comparison of F-actin/G-actin ratios in WT A549 cells and ArpC4 -/- A549 cells post-infection with M. catarrhalis strains 73-OR and ATCC 25238. Data are presented as the mean ± standard error(SE) from three independent biological replicates (n=3). Statistical comparison between groups was performed using an unpaired Student’s t-test. (E) Immunofluorescence analysis of F-actin polymerization in A549 cells post-infection. Wild-type (WT) and ArpC4 -/- A549 cells were challenged with M. catarrhalis strains 73-OR and ATCC 25238, fixed, and stained. Blue: nuclei; Green: F-actin. (F) Analysis of microfilament expression levels in WT A549 cells vs ArpC4 -/- A549 cells following infection with 73-OR and ATCC 25238. Data are presented as the mean ± standard error(SE) from three to four independent biological replicates (n=3-4). Statistical comparison between groups was performed using an unpaired Student’s t-test.
    Figure Legend Snippet: Critical role of ArpC4 in the Rho GTPase signaling pathway during M. catarrhalis invasion into A549 cells. (A) Comparison of invasion counts of M. catarrhalis strains 73-OR and ATCC 25238 into WT A549 cells vs. ArpC4 -/- A549 cells. Data are presented as mean ± standard error (SE)from three independent biological replicates (n=3). Statistical significance was determined using an unpaired Student’s t-test. To accurately assess the magnitude of the impact given the limited sample size, effect sizes (Cohen’s d) and mean differences are reported alongside P-values. (B) Transmission electron micrographs (TEM) of 73-OR and ATCC 25238 invading WT A549 cells and ArpC4 -/- A549 cells. (C) TEM quantification of M. catarrhalis invasion into wild-type and ArpC4 -/- A549 cells. Invasion counts for M.catarrhalis strains 73-OR and ATCC 25238 were quantified by counting the number of bacteria internalized within wild-type (WT) and ArpC4 -/- A549 cells via Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM). Data represent the mean ± standard error(SE) from three independent biological replicates (n=3). Within each biological replicate, three random microscopic fields at the same magnification were selected and counted. Statistical significance between groups was determined using the non-parametric Mann-Whitney U test. (D) Quantitative comparison of F-actin/G-actin ratios in WT A549 cells and ArpC4 -/- A549 cells post-infection with M. catarrhalis strains 73-OR and ATCC 25238. Data are presented as the mean ± standard error(SE) from three independent biological replicates (n=3). Statistical comparison between groups was performed using an unpaired Student’s t-test. (E) Immunofluorescence analysis of F-actin polymerization in A549 cells post-infection. Wild-type (WT) and ArpC4 -/- A549 cells were challenged with M. catarrhalis strains 73-OR and ATCC 25238, fixed, and stained. Blue: nuclei; Green: F-actin. (F) Analysis of microfilament expression levels in WT A549 cells vs ArpC4 -/- A549 cells following infection with 73-OR and ATCC 25238. Data are presented as the mean ± standard error(SE) from three to four independent biological replicates (n=3-4). Statistical comparison between groups was performed using an unpaired Student’s t-test.

    Techniques Used: Comparison, Transmission Assay, Bacteria, Electron Microscopy, MANN-WHITNEY, Infection, Immunofluorescence, Staining, Expressing



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    Critical role of CDC42 in the Rho GTPase signaling pathway during M. catarrhalis invasion into A549 cells. (A) Comparison of invasion counts of M. catarrhalis strains 73-OR and <t>ATCC</t> <t>25238</t> into WT A549 cells vs. CDC42 -/- A549 cells. Data are presented as mean ± standard error (SE) from three independent biological replicates (n=3). Statistical significance was determined using an unpaired Student’s t-test. To accurately assess the magnitude of the impact given the limited sample size, effect sizes (Cohen’s d) and mean differences are reported alongside P-values. (B) Transmission electron micrographs (TEM) of 73-OR and ATCC 25238 invading WT A549 cells and CDC42 -/- A549 cells. (C) TEM quantification of M. catarrhalis invasion into wild-type and CDC42 -/- A549 cells. Invasion counts for M. catarrhalis strains 73-OR and ATCC 25238 were quantified by counting the number of bacteria internalized within wild-type (WT) and CDC42 -/- A549 cells via Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM). Data represent the mean ± standard error(SE) from three independent biological replicates (n =3). Within each biological replicate, three random microscopic fields at the same magnification were selected and counted. Statistical significance between groups was determined using the non-parametric Mann-Whitney U test. Both 73-OR and ATCC 25238 strains showed a significant reduction in invasion into CDC42 -/- A549 cells compared to WT cells. (D) Quantitative comparison of F-actin/G-actin ratios in WT A549 cells and CDC42 -/- A549 cells post-infection with M. catarrhalis strains 73-OR and ATCC 25238. Data are presented as the mean ± standard error(SE) from three independent biological replicates (n=3). Statistical comparison between groups was performed using an unpaired Student’s t-test. (E) Immunofluorescence analysis of F-actin polymerization in A549 cells post-infection. Wild-type (WT) and CDC42 -/- A549 cells were challenged with M. catarrhalis strains 73-OR and ATCC 25238, fixed, and stained. Blue: nuclei; Green: F-actin. (F) Analysis of microfilament expression levels in WT A549 cells vs. CDC42 -/- A549 cells following infection with 73-OR and ATCC 25238. Data are presented as the mean ± standard error(SE) from three independent biological replicates (n=3). Statistical comparison between groups was performed using an unpaired Student’s t-test.
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    Critical role of CDC42 in the Rho GTPase signaling pathway during M. catarrhalis invasion into A549 cells. (A) Comparison of invasion counts of M. catarrhalis strains 73-OR and <t>ATCC</t> <t>25238</t> into WT A549 cells vs. CDC42 -/- A549 cells. Data are presented as mean ± standard error (SE) from three independent biological replicates (n=3). Statistical significance was determined using an unpaired Student’s t-test. To accurately assess the magnitude of the impact given the limited sample size, effect sizes (Cohen’s d) and mean differences are reported alongside P-values. (B) Transmission electron micrographs (TEM) of 73-OR and ATCC 25238 invading WT A549 cells and CDC42 -/- A549 cells. (C) TEM quantification of M. catarrhalis invasion into wild-type and CDC42 -/- A549 cells. Invasion counts for M. catarrhalis strains 73-OR and ATCC 25238 were quantified by counting the number of bacteria internalized within wild-type (WT) and CDC42 -/- A549 cells via Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM). Data represent the mean ± standard error(SE) from three independent biological replicates (n =3). Within each biological replicate, three random microscopic fields at the same magnification were selected and counted. Statistical significance between groups was determined using the non-parametric Mann-Whitney U test. Both 73-OR and ATCC 25238 strains showed a significant reduction in invasion into CDC42 -/- A549 cells compared to WT cells. (D) Quantitative comparison of F-actin/G-actin ratios in WT A549 cells and CDC42 -/- A549 cells post-infection with M. catarrhalis strains 73-OR and ATCC 25238. Data are presented as the mean ± standard error(SE) from three independent biological replicates (n=3). Statistical comparison between groups was performed using an unpaired Student’s t-test. (E) Immunofluorescence analysis of F-actin polymerization in A549 cells post-infection. Wild-type (WT) and CDC42 -/- A549 cells were challenged with M. catarrhalis strains 73-OR and ATCC 25238, fixed, and stained. Blue: nuclei; Green: F-actin. (F) Analysis of microfilament expression levels in WT A549 cells vs. CDC42 -/- A549 cells following infection with 73-OR and ATCC 25238. Data are presented as the mean ± standard error(SE) from three independent biological replicates (n=3). Statistical comparison between groups was performed using an unpaired Student’s t-test.
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    Critical role of CDC42 in the Rho GTPase signaling pathway during M. catarrhalis invasion into A549 cells. (A) Comparison of invasion counts of M. catarrhalis strains 73-OR and <t>ATCC</t> <t>25238</t> into WT A549 cells vs. CDC42 -/- A549 cells. Data are presented as mean ± standard error (SE) from three independent biological replicates (n=3). Statistical significance was determined using an unpaired Student’s t-test. To accurately assess the magnitude of the impact given the limited sample size, effect sizes (Cohen’s d) and mean differences are reported alongside P-values. (B) Transmission electron micrographs (TEM) of 73-OR and ATCC 25238 invading WT A549 cells and CDC42 -/- A549 cells. (C) TEM quantification of M. catarrhalis invasion into wild-type and CDC42 -/- A549 cells. Invasion counts for M. catarrhalis strains 73-OR and ATCC 25238 were quantified by counting the number of bacteria internalized within wild-type (WT) and CDC42 -/- A549 cells via Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM). Data represent the mean ± standard error(SE) from three independent biological replicates (n =3). Within each biological replicate, three random microscopic fields at the same magnification were selected and counted. Statistical significance between groups was determined using the non-parametric Mann-Whitney U test. Both 73-OR and ATCC 25238 strains showed a significant reduction in invasion into CDC42 -/- A549 cells compared to WT cells. (D) Quantitative comparison of F-actin/G-actin ratios in WT A549 cells and CDC42 -/- A549 cells post-infection with M. catarrhalis strains 73-OR and ATCC 25238. Data are presented as the mean ± standard error(SE) from three independent biological replicates (n=3). Statistical comparison between groups was performed using an unpaired Student’s t-test. (E) Immunofluorescence analysis of F-actin polymerization in A549 cells post-infection. Wild-type (WT) and CDC42 -/- A549 cells were challenged with M. catarrhalis strains 73-OR and ATCC 25238, fixed, and stained. Blue: nuclei; Green: F-actin. (F) Analysis of microfilament expression levels in WT A549 cells vs. CDC42 -/- A549 cells following infection with 73-OR and ATCC 25238. Data are presented as the mean ± standard error(SE) from three independent biological replicates (n=3). Statistical comparison between groups was performed using an unpaired Student’s t-test.
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    Critical role of CDC42 in the Rho GTPase signaling pathway during M. catarrhalis invasion into A549 cells. (A) Comparison of invasion counts of M. catarrhalis strains 73-OR and ATCC 25238 into WT A549 cells vs. CDC42 -/- A549 cells. Data are presented as mean ± standard error (SE) from three independent biological replicates (n=3). Statistical significance was determined using an unpaired Student’s t-test. To accurately assess the magnitude of the impact given the limited sample size, effect sizes (Cohen’s d) and mean differences are reported alongside P-values. (B) Transmission electron micrographs (TEM) of 73-OR and ATCC 25238 invading WT A549 cells and CDC42 -/- A549 cells. (C) TEM quantification of M. catarrhalis invasion into wild-type and CDC42 -/- A549 cells. Invasion counts for M. catarrhalis strains 73-OR and ATCC 25238 were quantified by counting the number of bacteria internalized within wild-type (WT) and CDC42 -/- A549 cells via Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM). Data represent the mean ± standard error(SE) from three independent biological replicates (n =3). Within each biological replicate, three random microscopic fields at the same magnification were selected and counted. Statistical significance between groups was determined using the non-parametric Mann-Whitney U test. Both 73-OR and ATCC 25238 strains showed a significant reduction in invasion into CDC42 -/- A549 cells compared to WT cells. (D) Quantitative comparison of F-actin/G-actin ratios in WT A549 cells and CDC42 -/- A549 cells post-infection with M. catarrhalis strains 73-OR and ATCC 25238. Data are presented as the mean ± standard error(SE) from three independent biological replicates (n=3). Statistical comparison between groups was performed using an unpaired Student’s t-test. (E) Immunofluorescence analysis of F-actin polymerization in A549 cells post-infection. Wild-type (WT) and CDC42 -/- A549 cells were challenged with M. catarrhalis strains 73-OR and ATCC 25238, fixed, and stained. Blue: nuclei; Green: F-actin. (F) Analysis of microfilament expression levels in WT A549 cells vs. CDC42 -/- A549 cells following infection with 73-OR and ATCC 25238. Data are presented as the mean ± standard error(SE) from three independent biological replicates (n=3). Statistical comparison between groups was performed using an unpaired Student’s t-test.

    Journal: Frontiers in Immunology

    Article Title: The Rho GTPase signaling pathway modulates Moraxella catarrhalis invasion into human respiratory epithelial cells by regulating actin polymerization

    doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2026.1730864

    Figure Lengend Snippet: Critical role of CDC42 in the Rho GTPase signaling pathway during M. catarrhalis invasion into A549 cells. (A) Comparison of invasion counts of M. catarrhalis strains 73-OR and ATCC 25238 into WT A549 cells vs. CDC42 -/- A549 cells. Data are presented as mean ± standard error (SE) from three independent biological replicates (n=3). Statistical significance was determined using an unpaired Student’s t-test. To accurately assess the magnitude of the impact given the limited sample size, effect sizes (Cohen’s d) and mean differences are reported alongside P-values. (B) Transmission electron micrographs (TEM) of 73-OR and ATCC 25238 invading WT A549 cells and CDC42 -/- A549 cells. (C) TEM quantification of M. catarrhalis invasion into wild-type and CDC42 -/- A549 cells. Invasion counts for M. catarrhalis strains 73-OR and ATCC 25238 were quantified by counting the number of bacteria internalized within wild-type (WT) and CDC42 -/- A549 cells via Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM). Data represent the mean ± standard error(SE) from three independent biological replicates (n =3). Within each biological replicate, three random microscopic fields at the same magnification were selected and counted. Statistical significance between groups was determined using the non-parametric Mann-Whitney U test. Both 73-OR and ATCC 25238 strains showed a significant reduction in invasion into CDC42 -/- A549 cells compared to WT cells. (D) Quantitative comparison of F-actin/G-actin ratios in WT A549 cells and CDC42 -/- A549 cells post-infection with M. catarrhalis strains 73-OR and ATCC 25238. Data are presented as the mean ± standard error(SE) from three independent biological replicates (n=3). Statistical comparison between groups was performed using an unpaired Student’s t-test. (E) Immunofluorescence analysis of F-actin polymerization in A549 cells post-infection. Wild-type (WT) and CDC42 -/- A549 cells were challenged with M. catarrhalis strains 73-OR and ATCC 25238, fixed, and stained. Blue: nuclei; Green: F-actin. (F) Analysis of microfilament expression levels in WT A549 cells vs. CDC42 -/- A549 cells following infection with 73-OR and ATCC 25238. Data are presented as the mean ± standard error(SE) from three independent biological replicates (n=3). Statistical comparison between groups was performed using an unpaired Student’s t-test.

    Article Snippet: The wild-type (WT) strain M. catarrhalis ATCC 25238 was purchased from the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC).

    Techniques: Comparison, Transmission Assay, Bacteria, Electron Microscopy, MANN-WHITNEY, Infection, Immunofluorescence, Staining, Expressing

    Critical role of Rac1 in the Rho GTPase signaling pathway during M. catarrhalis invasion into A549 cells. (A) Comparison of invasion counts of M. catarrhalis strains 73-OR and ATCC 25238 into WT A549 cells vs. Rac1 -/- A549 cells. Data are presented as mean ± standard error (SE)from three independent biological replicates (n=3). Statistical significance was determined using an unpaired Student’s t-test. To accurately assess the magnitude of the impact given the limited sample size, effect sizes (Cohen’s d) and mean differences are reported alongside P-values. (B) Transmission electron micrographs (TEM) of 73-OR and ATCC 25238 invading WT A549 cells and Rac1 -/- A549 cells. (C) TEM quantification of M. catarrhalis invasion into wild-type and Rac1 -/- A549 cells. Invasion counts for M. catarrhalis strains 73-OR and ATCC 25238 were quantified by counting the number of bacteria internalized within wild-type (WT) and Rac1 -/- A549 cells via Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM). Data represent the mean ± standard error(SE) from three independent biological replicates (n=3). Within each biological replicate, three random microscopic fields at the same magnification were selected and counted. Statistical significance between groups was determined using the non-parametric Mann-Whitney U test. Both 73-OR and ATCC 25238 strains showed a significant reduction in invasion into Rac1 -/- A549 compared to WT cells. (D) Quantitative comparison of F-actin/G-actin ratios in WT A549 cells and Rac1 -/- A549 cells post-infection with M. catarrhalis strains 73-OR and ATCC 25238. Data are presented as the mean± standard error(SE) from three independent biological replicates (n=3). Statistical comparison between groups was performed using an unpaired Student’s t-test. (E) Immunofluorescence analysis of F-actin polymerization in A549 cells post-infection.Wild-type (WT) and Rac1 -/- A549 cells were challenged with M. catarrhalis strains 73-OR and ATCC 25238, fixed, and stained. Blue: nuclei; Green: F-actin. (F) Analysis of microfilament expression levels in WT A549 cells vs. Rac1 -/- A549 cells following infection with 73-OR and ATCC 25238. Data are presented as the mean ± standard error(SE) from three independent biological replicates (n=3). Statistical comparison between groups was performed using an unpaired Student’s t-test.

    Journal: Frontiers in Immunology

    Article Title: The Rho GTPase signaling pathway modulates Moraxella catarrhalis invasion into human respiratory epithelial cells by regulating actin polymerization

    doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2026.1730864

    Figure Lengend Snippet: Critical role of Rac1 in the Rho GTPase signaling pathway during M. catarrhalis invasion into A549 cells. (A) Comparison of invasion counts of M. catarrhalis strains 73-OR and ATCC 25238 into WT A549 cells vs. Rac1 -/- A549 cells. Data are presented as mean ± standard error (SE)from three independent biological replicates (n=3). Statistical significance was determined using an unpaired Student’s t-test. To accurately assess the magnitude of the impact given the limited sample size, effect sizes (Cohen’s d) and mean differences are reported alongside P-values. (B) Transmission electron micrographs (TEM) of 73-OR and ATCC 25238 invading WT A549 cells and Rac1 -/- A549 cells. (C) TEM quantification of M. catarrhalis invasion into wild-type and Rac1 -/- A549 cells. Invasion counts for M. catarrhalis strains 73-OR and ATCC 25238 were quantified by counting the number of bacteria internalized within wild-type (WT) and Rac1 -/- A549 cells via Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM). Data represent the mean ± standard error(SE) from three independent biological replicates (n=3). Within each biological replicate, three random microscopic fields at the same magnification were selected and counted. Statistical significance between groups was determined using the non-parametric Mann-Whitney U test. Both 73-OR and ATCC 25238 strains showed a significant reduction in invasion into Rac1 -/- A549 compared to WT cells. (D) Quantitative comparison of F-actin/G-actin ratios in WT A549 cells and Rac1 -/- A549 cells post-infection with M. catarrhalis strains 73-OR and ATCC 25238. Data are presented as the mean± standard error(SE) from three independent biological replicates (n=3). Statistical comparison between groups was performed using an unpaired Student’s t-test. (E) Immunofluorescence analysis of F-actin polymerization in A549 cells post-infection.Wild-type (WT) and Rac1 -/- A549 cells were challenged with M. catarrhalis strains 73-OR and ATCC 25238, fixed, and stained. Blue: nuclei; Green: F-actin. (F) Analysis of microfilament expression levels in WT A549 cells vs. Rac1 -/- A549 cells following infection with 73-OR and ATCC 25238. Data are presented as the mean ± standard error(SE) from three independent biological replicates (n=3). Statistical comparison between groups was performed using an unpaired Student’s t-test.

    Article Snippet: The wild-type (WT) strain M. catarrhalis ATCC 25238 was purchased from the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC).

    Techniques: Comparison, Transmission Assay, Bacteria, Electron Microscopy, MANN-WHITNEY, Infection, Immunofluorescence, Staining, Expressing

    Critical role of ArpC2 in the Rho GTPase signaling pathway during M. catarrhalis invasion into A549 cells. (A) Comparison of invasion counts of M. catarrhalis strains 73-OR and ATCC 25238 into WT A549 cells vs. ArpC2 -/- A549 cells. Data are presented as mean ± standard error (SE)from three independent biological replicates (n=3). Statistical significance was determined using an unpaired Student’s t-test. To accurately assess the magnitude of the impact given the limited sample size, effect sizes (Cohen’s d) and mean differences are reported alongside P-values. (B) Transmission electron micrographs (TEM) of 73-OR and ATCC 25238 invading WT A549 cells and ArpC2 -/- A549 cells. (C) TEM quantification of M. catarrhalis invasion into wild-type and ArpC2 -/- A549 cells. Invasion counts for M. catarrhalis strains 73-OR and ATCC 25238 were quantified by counting the number of bacteria internalized within wild-type (WT) and ArpC2 -/- A549 cells via Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM). Data represent the mean ± standard error(SE) from three independent biological replicates (n =3). Within each biological replicate, three random microscopic fields at the same magnification were selected and counted. Statistical significance between groups was determined using the non-parametric Mann-Whitney U test. (D) Quantitative comparison of F-actin/G-actin ratios in WT A549 cells and ArpC2 -/- A549 cells post-infection with M. catarrhalis strains 73-OR and ATCC 25238. Data are presented as the mean ± standard error(SE) from three independent biological replicates (n=3). Statistical comparison between groups was performed using an unpaired Student’s t-test. (E) Immunofluorescence analysis of F-actin polymerization in A549 cells post-infection. Wild-type (WT) and ArpC2 -/- A549 cells were challenged with M. catarrhalis strains 73-OR and ATCC 25238, fixed, and stained. Blue: nuclei; Green: F-actin. (F) Analysis of microfilament expression levels in WT A549 cells vs ArpC2 -/- A549 cells following infection with 73-OR and ATCC 25238. Data are presented as the mean ± standard error(SE) from three independent biological replicates (n=3). Statistical comparison between groups was performed using an unpaired Student’s t-test.

    Journal: Frontiers in Immunology

    Article Title: The Rho GTPase signaling pathway modulates Moraxella catarrhalis invasion into human respiratory epithelial cells by regulating actin polymerization

    doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2026.1730864

    Figure Lengend Snippet: Critical role of ArpC2 in the Rho GTPase signaling pathway during M. catarrhalis invasion into A549 cells. (A) Comparison of invasion counts of M. catarrhalis strains 73-OR and ATCC 25238 into WT A549 cells vs. ArpC2 -/- A549 cells. Data are presented as mean ± standard error (SE)from three independent biological replicates (n=3). Statistical significance was determined using an unpaired Student’s t-test. To accurately assess the magnitude of the impact given the limited sample size, effect sizes (Cohen’s d) and mean differences are reported alongside P-values. (B) Transmission electron micrographs (TEM) of 73-OR and ATCC 25238 invading WT A549 cells and ArpC2 -/- A549 cells. (C) TEM quantification of M. catarrhalis invasion into wild-type and ArpC2 -/- A549 cells. Invasion counts for M. catarrhalis strains 73-OR and ATCC 25238 were quantified by counting the number of bacteria internalized within wild-type (WT) and ArpC2 -/- A549 cells via Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM). Data represent the mean ± standard error(SE) from three independent biological replicates (n =3). Within each biological replicate, three random microscopic fields at the same magnification were selected and counted. Statistical significance between groups was determined using the non-parametric Mann-Whitney U test. (D) Quantitative comparison of F-actin/G-actin ratios in WT A549 cells and ArpC2 -/- A549 cells post-infection with M. catarrhalis strains 73-OR and ATCC 25238. Data are presented as the mean ± standard error(SE) from three independent biological replicates (n=3). Statistical comparison between groups was performed using an unpaired Student’s t-test. (E) Immunofluorescence analysis of F-actin polymerization in A549 cells post-infection. Wild-type (WT) and ArpC2 -/- A549 cells were challenged with M. catarrhalis strains 73-OR and ATCC 25238, fixed, and stained. Blue: nuclei; Green: F-actin. (F) Analysis of microfilament expression levels in WT A549 cells vs ArpC2 -/- A549 cells following infection with 73-OR and ATCC 25238. Data are presented as the mean ± standard error(SE) from three independent biological replicates (n=3). Statistical comparison between groups was performed using an unpaired Student’s t-test.

    Article Snippet: The wild-type (WT) strain M. catarrhalis ATCC 25238 was purchased from the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC).

    Techniques: Comparison, Transmission Assay, Bacteria, Electron Microscopy, MANN-WHITNEY, Infection, Immunofluorescence, Staining, Expressing

    Critical role of ArpC4 in the Rho GTPase signaling pathway during M. catarrhalis invasion into A549 cells. (A) Comparison of invasion counts of M. catarrhalis strains 73-OR and ATCC 25238 into WT A549 cells vs. ArpC4 -/- A549 cells. Data are presented as mean ± standard error (SE)from three independent biological replicates (n=3). Statistical significance was determined using an unpaired Student’s t-test. To accurately assess the magnitude of the impact given the limited sample size, effect sizes (Cohen’s d) and mean differences are reported alongside P-values. (B) Transmission electron micrographs (TEM) of 73-OR and ATCC 25238 invading WT A549 cells and ArpC4 -/- A549 cells. (C) TEM quantification of M. catarrhalis invasion into wild-type and ArpC4 -/- A549 cells. Invasion counts for M.catarrhalis strains 73-OR and ATCC 25238 were quantified by counting the number of bacteria internalized within wild-type (WT) and ArpC4 -/- A549 cells via Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM). Data represent the mean ± standard error(SE) from three independent biological replicates (n=3). Within each biological replicate, three random microscopic fields at the same magnification were selected and counted. Statistical significance between groups was determined using the non-parametric Mann-Whitney U test. (D) Quantitative comparison of F-actin/G-actin ratios in WT A549 cells and ArpC4 -/- A549 cells post-infection with M. catarrhalis strains 73-OR and ATCC 25238. Data are presented as the mean ± standard error(SE) from three independent biological replicates (n=3). Statistical comparison between groups was performed using an unpaired Student’s t-test. (E) Immunofluorescence analysis of F-actin polymerization in A549 cells post-infection. Wild-type (WT) and ArpC4 -/- A549 cells were challenged with M. catarrhalis strains 73-OR and ATCC 25238, fixed, and stained. Blue: nuclei; Green: F-actin. (F) Analysis of microfilament expression levels in WT A549 cells vs ArpC4 -/- A549 cells following infection with 73-OR and ATCC 25238. Data are presented as the mean ± standard error(SE) from three to four independent biological replicates (n=3-4). Statistical comparison between groups was performed using an unpaired Student’s t-test.

    Journal: Frontiers in Immunology

    Article Title: The Rho GTPase signaling pathway modulates Moraxella catarrhalis invasion into human respiratory epithelial cells by regulating actin polymerization

    doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2026.1730864

    Figure Lengend Snippet: Critical role of ArpC4 in the Rho GTPase signaling pathway during M. catarrhalis invasion into A549 cells. (A) Comparison of invasion counts of M. catarrhalis strains 73-OR and ATCC 25238 into WT A549 cells vs. ArpC4 -/- A549 cells. Data are presented as mean ± standard error (SE)from three independent biological replicates (n=3). Statistical significance was determined using an unpaired Student’s t-test. To accurately assess the magnitude of the impact given the limited sample size, effect sizes (Cohen’s d) and mean differences are reported alongside P-values. (B) Transmission electron micrographs (TEM) of 73-OR and ATCC 25238 invading WT A549 cells and ArpC4 -/- A549 cells. (C) TEM quantification of M. catarrhalis invasion into wild-type and ArpC4 -/- A549 cells. Invasion counts for M.catarrhalis strains 73-OR and ATCC 25238 were quantified by counting the number of bacteria internalized within wild-type (WT) and ArpC4 -/- A549 cells via Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM). Data represent the mean ± standard error(SE) from three independent biological replicates (n=3). Within each biological replicate, three random microscopic fields at the same magnification were selected and counted. Statistical significance between groups was determined using the non-parametric Mann-Whitney U test. (D) Quantitative comparison of F-actin/G-actin ratios in WT A549 cells and ArpC4 -/- A549 cells post-infection with M. catarrhalis strains 73-OR and ATCC 25238. Data are presented as the mean ± standard error(SE) from three independent biological replicates (n=3). Statistical comparison between groups was performed using an unpaired Student’s t-test. (E) Immunofluorescence analysis of F-actin polymerization in A549 cells post-infection. Wild-type (WT) and ArpC4 -/- A549 cells were challenged with M. catarrhalis strains 73-OR and ATCC 25238, fixed, and stained. Blue: nuclei; Green: F-actin. (F) Analysis of microfilament expression levels in WT A549 cells vs ArpC4 -/- A549 cells following infection with 73-OR and ATCC 25238. Data are presented as the mean ± standard error(SE) from three to four independent biological replicates (n=3-4). Statistical comparison between groups was performed using an unpaired Student’s t-test.

    Article Snippet: The wild-type (WT) strain M. catarrhalis ATCC 25238 was purchased from the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC).

    Techniques: Comparison, Transmission Assay, Bacteria, Electron Microscopy, MANN-WHITNEY, Infection, Immunofluorescence, Staining, Expressing